The Greek Tragedy free essay sample

This paper gives an intensive examination of Greek catastrophe, with accentuation on Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. This paper gives a top to bottom gander at the historical backdrop of antiquated Greek disaster. The creator talks about crafted by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, and takes a gander at how disastrous dramatization advanced. The paper likewise looks at stage customs, legendary underlying foundations of execution customs, and human binds with divine beings. The Greek disaster speaks to the subtleties of an extremely brief time of history that ranges from around 480 BC, when Aeschyluss early plays were performed, till the period when the last plays of Sophocles and Euripides were being performed toward the finish of the fifth century. The disasters composed by Sophocles and Euripides are the plays written in the fifty years from 480 BC, when the war with Persia reached a conclusion, to 430 BC, the beginning of the Peloponnesian War with Sparta which later wrecked Athens as an autonomous city-state. We will compose a custom article test on The Greek Tragedy or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is very fascinating to take note of that most of develop plays of Sophocles and Euripides were composed against a foundation of consistent war. There is no genuine proof as to from where the catastrophe composing started, anyway it is generally accepted that the improvement of sad discourse may have been impacted by emotional introductions of exemplary and different types of verse yet its symphonious inceptions are less notable.

Starry Night free essay sample

The work of art attracts the watcher keeping them included and separated of the artistic creation. To one side of the artistic creation, there is an enormous gigantic article. This item is disengaged from everything. It catches your eye first at that point takes you to the remainder of the composition. This article is huge when contrasted with different items in the composition. The bending lines of the article moving upward towards the sky resemble arms connecting. This item likewise permits the watcher to decipher what it could be. From a huge shrub becoming upward toward the sky to whatever the creative mind of the watcher portrays. The sky is burning with splendid shades of blues, whites and yellows. The mists are twirling above, as though you can see the mists moving with the breeze. The sky keeps the watchers eyes moving around the composition, following the twirls of the mists to the sparkling spheres of the stars to the sickle moon lighting the sky. We will compose a custom paper test on Brilliant Night or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The stars are sparkling like lamps in the sky gleaming so splendid. The bow moon is transmitting a light to see the path to the unassuming community beneath. When seeing this work of art, it causes most people to feel great and quiet. This development of the artwork keeps the watcher in question. Beneath the moving slopes, lies a modest community. There is a feeling of harmony spilling out of the town. The town looks as though it is sleeping in a second in time. The cool dull shades of the town and the lights in the windows makes the watcher utilize their creative mind of what could exist in the evening of the dim brilliant skies. At the focal point of the town is a steeple of a congregation that is ruling over the littler structures. Vincent Van Gogh was conceived in Groot-Zundert, Holland on March 30, 1853. Somewhere in the range of 1860 and 1880, he chose to turn into a craftsman, and started to consider workmanship at the Academy Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels, Belgium. In 1886, he went to Paris, France to join his sibling Theo. He moved to Arles, France in 1888 and stayed there until his passing on July 27, 1890, where he ended his own life by shooting himself. While Van Gogh was alive he just sold one canvas until, after his demise is the point at which his compositions turned out to be progressively well known. â€Å"Starry Night† is one of the most well known compositions and furthermore being one of the most imitated and looked for after prints.

The Study of Punishment in Psychology

The Study of Punishment in Psychology Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Study of Punishment in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 15, 2020 Blend Images / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future. While positive and negative reinforcement s  are used to increase behaviors, punishment is focused on reducing or eliminating unwanted behaviors. Punishment is often mistakenly confused with negative reinforcement. Remember, reinforcement always increases the chances that a behavior will occur and punishment always decreases the chances that a behavior will occur. Types of Punishment Behaviorist B. F. Skinner, the psychologist who first described operant conditioning, identified two different kinds of aversive stimuli that can be used as punishment. Positive Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by application. Positive punishment involves presenting an aversive stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when a student talks out of turn in the middle of class, the teacher might scold the child for interrupting her.??Negative Punishment: This type of punishment is also known as punishment by removal. Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a behavior has occurred. For example, when the student from the previous example talks out of turn again, the teacher promptly tells the child that he will have to miss recess because of his behavior. Is Punishment Effective? While punishment can be effective in some cases, you can probably think of a few examples of when a  punishment does not reduce a behavior. Prison is one example. After being sent to jail for a crime, people often continue committing crimes once they are released from prison. Why is it that punishment seems to work in some instances, but not in others? Researchers have found a number of factors that contribute to how effective punishment is in different situations. First, punishment is more likely to lead to a reduction in behavior if it immediately follows the behavior. Prison sentences often occur long after the crime has been committed, which may help explain why sending people to jail does not always lead to a reduction in criminal behavior. Second, punishment achieves greater results when it is consistently applied. It can be difficult to administer a punishment every single time a behavior occurs. For example, people often continue to drive over the speed limit even after receiving a speeding ticket. Why? Because the behavior is inconsistently punished. Drawbacks and Consequences of Punishment Punishment also has some notable drawbacks. First, any behavior changes that result from punishment are often temporary. Punished behavior is likely to reappear after the punitive consequences are withdrawn, Skinner explained in his book About Behaviorism. Perhaps the greatest drawback is the fact that punishment does not actually offer any information about more appropriate or desired behaviors. While subjects might be learning to not perform certain actions, they are not really learning anything about what they should be doing. Another thing to consider about punishment is that it can have unintended and undesirable consequences. For example, while approximately 75 percent of parents in the United States report spanking their children on occasion, researchers have found that this type of physical punishment may lead to antisocial behavior, aggression, and delinquency among children. For this reason, Skinner and other psychologists suggest that any potential short-term gains from using punishment as a behavior modification tool need to be weighed again the potential long-term consequences.

Informative Essay About Passionate Marking - 1045 Words

EXPRESSIVE PRODUCT Introduction: There are number of point of view been expressed in experimental articles about passionate marking. The exceptionally essential meaning of feeling marking is The thought that, past an item and its advantages, as opposed to purchasing an item accessible in the business sector individuals are acutely inspired by purchasing passionate encounters, which may have, tremendous claim separated from a methodology. It is more that logic and spells out as a motivational instrument uncovers for imaginative arrangement from clients. Number of authors has alluded enthusiastic brands as resident brands. The purpose for, client connected with their brands create citizenship and dependability in their relations. The†¦show more content†¦The principal target of this exploration was to quantify the conduct of shopper towards enthusiastic marking and distinguish the component which makes the association in the middle of brands and buyers and to discover those variables which assume a critical part in passionate marking. †¢ Does your image bring out an enthusiastic reaction? †¢ Does your image make reliability? †¢ What would make your customers avid to pay for your items and administration? Research methodologies and techniques The conduct of shoppers towards enthusiastic marking will be measured on measurement through open overviews and writing survey. Arbitrary inspecting system is utilized to gather information from people in general with respect to passionate marking. The aftereffect of the overview discoveries will ideally help to dissecting the conduct of buyer towards passionate marking and breaking down the components which makes the association in the middle of brands and buyers and figure out which elements are assume a vital part in enthusiastic marking. Research process The determinants of the Emotion Branding were in light of the writing review. A survey containing diverse inquiries that will be coordinated to the purchasers. 8 inquiries were identified with individual information, the rest things were identified with the study. Survey will beShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And Ritual Theory1997 Words   |  8 Pageseverything from pornography to the patriarchy. Other informative ways that the church tries to share its presence online is through reflections on the daily mass readings led by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The fact the Pope Francis often â€Å"trends† on social media might be testament to how the church has begun to integrate this revolutionary application into its mission. Pope Francis often speaks the New York Times about issues that directly affect the modern age. The TimesRead More Johann Sebastian Bach Essay2919 Words   |  12 PagesChopin, and Mozart. â€Å"Mozart, when rapidly advancing to the height of his mastery, had but to read the Baron von Swietens manuscript copies of the motets and of the Wohltemperiertes Klavier, and his style, quite apart from his immediate essays in the old art forms, and apart also from the influence of his study of Handel, developed a new polyphonic richness and depth of harmony which steadily increased until his untimely death.† (www.nndb.com†¦.343/) After studying the WohltemperirtesRead MoreRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pagessici=0004-3249%28198224%2942%3A4%3C311%3APDSL%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 Art Journal is currently published by College Art Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only forRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestruth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Chapter 3: Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Chapter 4: Neo-modernistRead MoreDeveloping Manage ment Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages372 7 MANAGING CONFLICT 373 SKILL ASSESSMENT 374 Diagnostic Surveys for Managing Conflict 374 Managing Interpersonal Conflict 374 Strategies for Handling Conflict 375 SKILL LEARNING 376 Interpersonal Conflict Management 376 Mixed Feelings About Conflict 376 Diagnosing the Type of Interpersonal Conflict 378 Conflict Focus 378 Conflict Source 380 Selecting the Appropriate Conflict Management Approach 383 Comparing Conflict Management and Negotiation Strategies 386 Selection Factors 386 Resolving

The Treatment Of A Prison Sentence - 1921 Words

Serving a prison sentence for certain crimes is a just punishment, but being denied a necessary medical treatment is torture. The amount of harassment and sexual assault a man experiences in a male prison can be quite high but, the amount of abuse a woman would receive in a male prison is far more tremendous. The prison system is set up to house inmates based on their gender; male or female. But, society has evolved and the standard binary system does not apply to most people today, so where does this leave the transgender inmates? Trans inmates, regardless of whether they have been taking hormones before their sentence or not, are housed in the facility that matches their biological gender rather than their identified gender. Transgender†¦show more content†¦To truly understand why there is even a fight over sex-reassignment surgery, one must first comprehend what the surgery is and why it is an option. Sex-reassignment surgery is the final step in a three-part treatment fo r gender dysphoria. Gender Dysphoria, previously known as Gender Identity Disorder (GID), is considered a mental disorder described as a severe disconnect between one’s biological sex and gender identity. Generally, mental disorders are treated with psychotherapy or medications but, when it comes to trans inmates, the genitals serve as a mental block that constantly reminds the trans person of their gender dysphoria; which brings on the need for SRS. In â€Å"Medical Transgressions in America’s Prisons: Defending Transgender Prisoners’ Access to Transition-Related Care†, Esinam Agbemenu states that the treatment for gender dysphoria comes in three parts. The first step is for transgender patients to participate in psychotherapy or psychiatric counseling, which allows the patient to express their distress and permit the medical professional to properly diagnose and create a proper treatment plan. In step two, the trans person must openly live as their iden tified genderShow MoreRelatedDo The time, Lower The Crime by James Q. Wilson and Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Waste Resource by Kevin Zeese1205 Words   |  5 PagesPrison reform has been talked about since the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the goal of giving prisoners better living conditions. Today’s issues involving prison reform have caused many debates on whether or not prisons should change their traditional ways and try to find a more suitable solution with prison related problems like overcrowded facility and huge sums of money being spent on these prisons. Two article that are going to be analyzed in this essay are entitled â€Å"Do the time, lower theRead MoreTypes Of Diversion Programs Currently Used821 Words   |  4 PagesPlease email your instructor answering the following questions: 1. Describe the types of diversion programs currently used. Diversion programs are a deferment of the criminal process, where offenders can participate in community-based treatment programs. Typically, diversion programs are used with juvenile first time offenders. However, there is also an adult diversion program, which is available to first time offenders only. Such programs include, drug rehabilitation, which involves those with alcoholRead MoreAmerica s Prison System And The Justice System929 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica’s prison system has become permanent part of the justice system. It was not long ago that prisoners were chained up together and perform hard labor on day to day basis. Nowadays prisons are very different and offer variety programs. The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to speedy and public trial. Everything starts with a judge issue an arrest warrant. Arrest warrant must include a probable cause that someone committed a crime, as well as person name, a description of the offense, dateRead MoreIncarceration : Balancing Punishment And Treatment988 Words   |  4 Pages4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-centuryRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The United States Of America978 Words   |  4 PagesIn December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates. 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Locking up people in jail should be a consequence that most want to avoid thus decreasing the crime rate. In 1976, William Nagel found that incarceration did not stop criminals from committing crimes. In fact, if overcrowded prisons are increasing with more people being booked into jail than being released, perhaps the correctional system encouragesRead MoreWhy Recidivism Is So Common?1306 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal behavior once released, which only leads them into a federal or state prison. Recidivism can be perceived into different category’s based upon the why factor. Criminal acts that result in rearrests, and reconviction or return to prison with or without new a new sentence during a three-yea r period following the prisoner’s release is considered recidivism. There are many different reasons why a person goes back into prison once being released, whether by choice or force or even just nature of habitRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On Children s Life803 Words   |  4 Pagesincorporate a type of treatment and rehabilitation for the individual. Secondly, incarcerating will provide treatment for the offenders. The point of providing treatment is to manage the condition before entering an effective rehabilitation stage. Thirdly, rehabilitation will support in restoring the condition of the offender. While the individual will be under constant watch, it will make it easier to monitor the results of their behavior. It has been in debate whether or not longer sentences reduce or increase

Ppi and the Big Mac Index Free Essays

Estimating the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of currencies using the Big Mac Indexâ„ ¢ Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Purchasing Power Parity and Theory of one Price 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Ppi and the Big Mac Index or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over/Under Valuation of currencies against the Dollar 5. Comparative analysis of the most overvalued to the most undervalued 6. Observation and Alternative indexes 7. Limitations 8. Appendix INTRODUCTION Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an important and critical topic in international economics. It arises when the purchasing power of an amount of money is the same in different countries. This is when prices of two different countries are converted to a common currency. The idea is based on the law of one price, where in the absence of official trade restrictions, similar goods will have the same price in different markets, with the prices being expressed in the same (common) currency. Deviations from parity infer differences in purchasing power of goods across countries, which means that for the purposes of many international comparisons, countries’ GDPs or other national income statistics need to be â€Å"PPP adjusted† and converted into common units. There can be a huge difference when adjusted by purchasing power and when converted via market exchange rates. For ex:- If calculated at nominal exchange rates, India has the tenth largest economy while adjusting by PPP, India has the fourth largest economy. Thus, to remove this discrepancy, a common currency of measurement is highly essential. The Big Mac Index is an example of a measure of law of one price. It refers to the prices of a Big Mac burger in McDonald’s restaurants in different countries. It helps in determining whether a currency is undervalued or overvalued and thus accordingly gives an idea about the direction in which currencies should move. The Big Mac was selected because it is available for a common purpose in many countries around the world as local McDonald’s franchisees have significant responsibility for converting input prices(at least in theory). The Big Mac Index is useful because it is based on a very well-known food item whose final price can be easily tracked in many countries. PPP and the Theory of One Price The One-Price Theory The theory of PPP and One price go hand in hand. It is imperative to understand the implication of â€Å"One Price† to understand the Purchase Power Parity as it is based on that. The Law of One Price proposes that if a gadget costs $2 in USA and the same gadget costs Rs 5 in India , then the exchange rate should be 2/5 = 0. 40 for the real prices to be same in both the countries. Let us denote it empirically as Price of a good in one country A be X and Price of the same good in some other country B is X* , then equalization of both the prices can be done using exchange rate denoted by the formula Exchange Rate = X/X* Suppose in the above example where the exchange rate is calculated to be 0. 4, increases to 0. 6, and then the same gadget would cost Rs 8. 33 in India. This would result in the inflow of gadgets to India from USA causing increase in the demand of dollars and increase in supply of Rupees. Law of One Price (LoOP) It states that identical goods should sell at same price in two different markets when there are no transportation costs and no differential taxes applied in two markets One Price Theory and PPP While this concept of one –price here in the example is being applied to one commodity, it can be applied universally to all other commodities in market as well. The Big Mac burger is one of the brightest examples of the application of One-Price to a commodity. It looks at the price of a big Mac burger across different countries. This way Purchase Power Parity applies not just to a single commodity but on general price level. This way we can universally derive a relation of One-Price theory and Purchase Power Parity. The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti in the year 1967 and introduced throughout the US in 1968. The Big Mac is now available in around 120 countries around the world and its composition is generally the same throughout – two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun. Since beef is not consumed in India, a special Mac known as the â€Å"Maharaja Mac† can be found with chicken patties replacing beef patties. In Islamic countries the Big Mac is made with Halal beef and in Israel it is made with Kosher beef. The price of a Big Mac in US is calculated by the average of 4 cities – Atlanta, New York, Chicago and San Francisco. The price of Big Mac in Euro area is calculated by the weighted average of prices in Euro area. The Big Mac considered in India is the Maharaja Mac. Country| Big Mac Price| Implied PPP rate +| Today’s| Over(+) / Under(-) Valuation against the USD, % ++| | | | Exchange Rate| | in Local Currency| in US dollars| | 1 USD =| | US| $ 4. 07| 4. 07| —| 1| —| Argentina| Peso 20. 0| 4. 4153463| 4. 92| 4. 530| 8. 6175| Australia| A$ 4. 56| 4. 6373416| 1. 12| 0. 983| 13. 8996| Brazil| Real 9. 50| 5. 2511951| 2. 34| 1. 809| 29. 3452| Britain| ? 2. 39| 3. 7447139| 0. 59| 0. 638| -7. 5573| Canada| C$ 4. 73| 4. 6363004| 1. 16| 1. 020| 13. 7021| Chile| Peso 1850| 3. 6281104| 455| 509. 907| -10. 7681| China| Yuan 14. 7| 2. 3129209| 3. 6| 6. 356| -43. 3570| Colombia| Peso 8400| 4. 326| 2066| 1941. 748| 6. 3990| Czech Republic| Koruna 69. 3| 3. 6412205| 17. 1| 19. 32| -10. 1517| Denmark| DK 28. 5| 5. 1401734| 7. 01| 5. 545| 26. 4302| Egypt| Pound 14. 1| 2. 3477628| 3. 47| 6. 006| -42. 2217| Euro area| Euro 3. 44| 4. 6013727| 1. 18| 0. 748| 57. 8378| Hong Kong| HK$ 15. 1| 1. 9404672| 3. 71| 7. 782| -52. 3236| Hungary| Forint 760| 3. 3439474| 187| 227. 276| -17. 7213| India| Rupee 84. 0| 1. 6163756| 20. 7| 51. 968| -60. 1679| Indonesia| Rupiah 22534| 2. 501274| 5543| 9009. 009| -38. 4727| Israel| Shekel 15. 9| 4. 2277811| 3. 91| 3. 761| 3. 9662| Japan| ? 320| 4. 1212269| 78. 7| 77. 647| 1. 3564| Malaysia| Ringgit 7. 20| 2. 2981176| 1. 7| 3. 133| -43. 5046| Mexico| Peso 32. 0| 2. 3459637| 7. 87| 13. 640| -42. 3040| New Zealand| NZ$ 5. 10| 3. 9382574| 1. 25| 1. 295| -3. 4741| Norway| Kroner 45. 0| 7. 8321279| 11. 1| 5. 746| 93. 1925| Pakistan| Rupee 205| 2. 3019159| 50. 5| 89. 056| -43. 2943| Peru| New Sol 10| 3. 7022146| 2. 46| 2. 701| -8. 9255| Philippines| Peso 118| 2. 7064108| 29| 43. 600| -33. 4865| Poland| Zloty 8. 63| 2. 5572242| 2. 12| 3. 375| -37. 1806| Russia| Rouble 75. 0| 2. 3810975| 18. 5| 31. 498| -41. 2663| Saudi Arabia| Riyal 10. 0| 2. 6661761| 2. 46| 3. 751| -34. 4121| Singapore| S$ 4. 1| 3. 4060498| 1. 08| 1. 295| -16. 5865| South Africa| Rand 19. 45| 2. 3850647| 4. 78| 8. 155| -41. 3850| South Korea| Won 3700| 3. 2782| 910| 1128. 668| -19. 3740| Sweden| SKr 48. 4| 7. 1816695| 11. 9| 6. 739| 76. 5741| Switzerland| SFr 6. 5| 7. 036772| 1. 6| 0. 924| 73. 2128| Taiwan| NT$ 75. 0| 2. 4825847| 18. 5| 30. 210| -38. 7629| Thailand| Baht 70. 0| 2. 2628537| 17. 2| 30. 934| -44. 3985| Turkey| Lire 6. 5| 3. 5532705| 1. 6| 1. 829| -12. 5349| + The Purchasing Power Parity or the PPP rate is the price of Big Mac in local currency divided by the price in the US. Price of Big Mac (and corresponding implied PPP rates from The Economist and is the latest). ++ The Over/Under valuation against the dollar is calculated using Exchangerate’s latest rates ( i. e as of 09/12/2011): 100 x ( P P P – Exchange Rate) / Exchange Rate (Source http://www. exchangerate. com/) OBSERVATION The most overvalued of currencies is the European Nordic countries’ currencies and most undervalued is the Indian Rupee. At market exchange rates, the Burger is 60% cheaper in India than in US. In other words, the Indian rupee is 60% undervalued against the dollar. However it should be noted that cheap burgers in India don’t mean that the Indian rupee is highly undervalued. Average prices should be lower in poor countries than in rich ones because labor costs are lower. The chart in the Appendix A shows a strong positive relationship between the dollar price of a Big Mac and GDP per person. Purchasing Power Parity is actually an indicator where exchange rates should move in the long run. For estimating the current fair value of a currency, a best fit line is drawn between Big Mac prices and GDP per person. The price thus predicted after the best fit line is drawn is compared with the actual price and this provides a better estimation of the currency over and under valuation than the above index. The â€Å"beefed up† index shows that the Brazilian Real is the most overvalued in the world; the Euro is also slightly overvalued. However the two major developing countries – India and China appear to be almost equal to its fair values. ALTERNATIVE INDICES An index similar to the Big Mac index has also been developed by the financial company UBS as part of general compilation of differences in prices and incomes around the globe. The Economist  also comes out with variants of the same. For example in the month of January in 2004, it proposed a  Tall Latte index  by replacing the Big Mac with a Starbucks Tall Latte. Refer Appendix B for the same. Commonwealth Securities, an Australian bank’s subsidiary, proposed to create the iPod index by using the concepts behind the Big Mac index. The banks contention that since the Big Mac index can be distorted by taxes, transport costs, labour laws and trade barriers in each country and the iPod was made in a single country – China, it made more sense to use the iPod as a measuring index. Since the iPod was made in a single country, the price should be broadly be the same all over the world and if the price difference were substantial, customers would switch their purchases to other countries (thanks to internet). However it was found to be ineffective since freight charges vary from country to country and countries such as US may get volume discounts. Bloomberg LP also introduced an alternative index known as Billy index after the iconic Ikea’s bookshelf. The index was calculated after converting the bookshelf’s price to US dollars. LIMITATIONS aapendix a APPENDIX B APPENDIX C (Exchange Rates as Of 9th December 2011) | | Country| Currency| ISO| 12-08-2011| 12-09-2011| % Change| | | ARGENTINA| Peso| ARS| 4. 52995| 4. 529656| -0. 01%|   | | | AUSTRALIA| Dollar| AUD| 0. 975877| 0. 983322| 0. 76%| |   | | AUSTRIA| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | | BELGIUM| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%| | | BRAZIL| Real| BRL| 1. 804477| 1. 809112| 0. 26%|   | | CANADA| Dollar| CAD| 1. 014437| 1. 02021| 0. 57%| | | | CHILE| Peso| CLP| 508. 4706| 509. 9073| 0. 28%|   | | | CHINA| Yuan| CNY| 6. 362878| 6. 3556| -0. 11%| | | CZECH REP. | Koruna| CZK| 18. 90629| 19. 3208| 0. 67%|   | | DENMARK| Krone| DKK| 5. 542461| 5. 54456| 0. 04%| | | | EUROPEAN UNION| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | | FINLAND| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%| | | FRANCE| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | | GERMANY| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%| | | | | GREECE| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | HONG KONG| Dollar| HKD| 7. 776135| 7. 781631| 0. 07%| |   | HUNGARY| Forint| HUF| 227. 0945| 227. 2763| 0. 08%|   | | | ICELAND| Krona| ISK| 119. 1911| 118. 9654| -0. 19%| | | | INDIA| Rupee| INR| 51. 73987| 51. 96812| 0. 44%|   | | INTNL MON. FUND| SDR| XDR| 0. 642256| 0. 642147| -0. 02%| |   | | IRELAND| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | | ISRAEL| Sheqel| ILS| 3. 775473| 3. 760838| -0. 39%| |   | ITALY| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | JAPAN| Yen| JPY| 77. 60051| 77. 64678| 0. 06%| | | | KOREA (SOUTH)| Won| KRW| 1132. 612| 1146. 365| 1. 21%| | | KUWAIT| Dinar| KWD| 0. 277164| 0. 277164| 0. 00%| -| | | MEXICO| Peso| MXN| 13. 62357| 13. 64045| 0. 12%|   | | | NETHERLANDS| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%| | | | NEW ZEALAND| Dollar| NZD| 1. 28856| 1. 294989| 0. 50%|   | | | NORWAY| Krone| NOK| 5. 70238| 5. 745565| -0. 43%| | | | PAKISTAN| Rupee| PKR| 89. 01636| 89. 05625| 0. 04%|   | | PERU| Sol| PEN| 2. 701086| 2. 701086| 0. 00%| -| | | PHILIPPINES| Peso| PHP| 43. 29727| 43. 60018| 0. 70%|   | | | POLAND| Zloty| PLN| 3. 360573| 3. 374753| 0. 42%| | | | PORTUGAL| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%|   | | ROMANIA| Leu| RON| 3. 23797| 3. 23797| 0. 00%| -| | | RUSSIA| Ruble| RUB| 31. 43216| 31. 49808| 0. 21%|   | | | SAUDI ARABIA| Riyal| SAR| 3. 750569| 3. 75069| 0. 00%| | | | SINGAPORE| Dollar| SGD| 1. 291813| 1. 294755| 0. 23%|   | | SLOVAKIA| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 4%| | | | SOUTH AFRICA| Rand| ZAR| 8. 204971| 8. 154915| -0. 61%|   | | | SPAIN| Euro| EUR| 0. 74732| 0. 747603| 0. 04%| | | SWEDEN| Krona| SEK| 6. 771076| 6. 73938| -0. 47%|   | | | SWITZERLAND| Franc| CHF| 0. 925818| 0. 923719| -0. 23%| | | | TAIWAN| Dollar| TWD| 30. 16208| 30. 21045| 0. 16%|   | | THAILAND| Baht| THB| 30. 77703| 30. 93439| 0. 51%| |   | | U. A. E. | Dirham| AED| 3. 673236| 3. 673236| 0. 00%| -| | | UKRAINE| Hryvnia| UAH| 8. 000472| 7. 998369| -0. 03%| |   | UNITED KINGDOM| Pound| GBP| 0. 637984| 0. 638233| 0. 04%|   | | | UNITED STATES| Dollar| USD| 1| 1| 0. 00%| -| How to cite Ppi and the Big Mac Index, Papers

Variation Of Music In Pakistan Essay Example For Students

Variation Of Music In Pakistan Essay Variation of music In Pakistan The music of Pakistan includes diverse elements ranging from music from various parts of South Asia as well as Central Asian, Persian, Turkish, Arabic and modern day Western popular music influences. With these multiple influences, a distinctive Pakistani sound has been formed. Shall In poetry, the Shall is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain. Each line must share the same meter. A Shall can thus be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation of the lover and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. We will write a custom essay on Variation Of Music In Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The form is ancient, originating in 10th century Persia verse. The structural requirements of the Shall are more stringent than those of most poetic forms traditionally written in English. In its style and content it is a genre which has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central theme of love and separation. It is considered by many to be one of the principal poetic forms the Persian civilization offered to the eastern Islamic world. The shall spread into South Asia in the 12th century under the influence of the new Islamic Sultanate courts and Suffix mystics. Exotic to the region, as is indicated by the very sounds of the name itself when properly pronounced as gall. Although the shall is most prominently a form of Urdu poetry, today, it has influenced the poetry of many languages. Most Shall singers are trained in classical music and sing in either Shall or Thumper. Seawall Seawall is the devotional music of the Chitin Suffix. Seawall is a vibrant musical tradition that stretches back more than 700 years. Originally performed mainly at Suffix shrines throughout the subcontinent, it has also gained mainstream popularity. Seawall music received international exposure through the work of the late Aziza Main, Unjust Fate All Khan and saber brothers, largely due to several releases on the Real World label, followed by live appearances at WOMAN festivals. Listeners, and often artists themselves are transported to a state of waged, a trance-like state where they feel at one with God, generally considered to be the height of spiritual ecstasy in Suffix. The roots of Seawall can be traced back to 8th century Persia, however, Seawall in the form we know it today was essentially created by Emir Krause in the late 13th century. During the first major migration from Persia, in the 1 lath century, the musical tradition of Sam migrated to South Asia, Turkey and Uzbekistan. Rum and his Novella order of Suffix have been the propagators of Sam in Central Asia. Emir Krause of the Schist order of Suffix is credited with fusing the Persian and South Asian musical traditions, to create Seawall as well as the classical music tradition. The word Sam is used (or is the preferred name) in Central Asia and Turkey, for forms very similar to Seawall while in Pakistan, the formal name used for a session of Seawall is Miffed-e-Sam. A group of seawall musicians, called Human in Urdu, typically consists of eight or nine men?women are usually excluded from traditional Muslim music as respectable women are traditionally variation Of Music In Pakistan By Arab Sahara-Khan (due to strong western media influence) including a lead singer, one or two side singers, one or two harmoniums (which may be played by lead singer, side singer or someone else), and percussion. If there is only one percussionist, he plays the table and dollar, usually the table with the left hand and the dollar with the right. Often there will be two percussionists, in which case one might play the table and the other he dollar. There is also a chorus of four or five men who repeat key verses, and who aid and abet percussion by hand-clapping. The performers sit in two rows?the lead singer, side singers and harmonium players in the front row, and the chorus and percussionists in the back row. Religious There is a large number of hand and Nat singers in Pakistan. This is a type of Islamic religious music where poetical verses of the love for God (Allah) is expressed. Some of the most famous artists include Status Unjust Fate All Khan, along with his nephew Rata Fate All Khan . There are saber brothers from Karachi. Hand Hand is not the exclusive domain of any religion. It denotes praise to God, it is more extensively used in the Muslim world. It is usually used in conjunction with the Asana and referred to as Hand o- Asana. Nat A Nat is a poetry that specifically praises the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The practice is popular in South Asia (Pakistan and India), commonly in Urdu or Punjabi language. People who recite Nat are known as Nat-Khans or Saunas-Khans. Classical Classical music of Pakistan is based on the traditional music of South Asia which was patronized by various empires that ruled the region and gave birth to several genres f classic music including the Slack and Hindustan classical music. The classical music of Pakistan has two main principles, sure (musical note) and alai (rhythm). The major genres of classical music in Pakistan are thread and shall. Thread is approaching extinction in Pakistan despite vocalists like Status Bad Uzi Zamia, Status Hafted Khan and Status Faze Khan have managed to keep this art form alive. Shall is the most popular genre of classical music in Pakistan as is also enjoyed with much enthusiasm in Afghanistan. There are many families from agrarians of classical USIA who inherited the music from their forefathers and are still performing. Some famous agrarians are: Equal Bach agrarian (Ut Unjust Fate All Khan and Rata Fate All khan belongs to this agrarian), and Patella agrarian (Shaft Manta All Khan belongs to this agrarian). Number of other agrarians are present in Pakistan who serves classical music. Some classical musicians like Ut Bad Uzi Zamia do not belong to any famous agrarian but has served enormously to classical music. The legendary sitar player Mohammad Shari Khan Phenomenally belongs to Phonic agrarian of sitar. Tart Khan is a classical table player from Pakistan. Taliban Hussein was one of the last remaining pajama players of Pakistan and was a recognized practitioner of the Punjab style. Regional Pakistani folk music deals with subjects surrounding daily life in less grandiose terms counterpart. In Pakistan, each province has its own variation of popular folk music. .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .postImageUrl , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:hover , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:visited , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:active { border:0!important; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:active , .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83 .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c1e491967bd50059a91a36fd6404b83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Appreciation Elements of Music EssayPakistan has created many famous singers in this discipline such as the late Lam Loran, who was very influential in the period of 1940 until 1979: he created the concept of Jugging and this has been a folk song ever since, and he sang here, savanna salaams, Mira, assai and many more famous folk stories. Other famous folk singers include Gain Chord and Lam Loran from Punjab and Allan Fakir and Maim Bight from Kinds, Stark Canal Karri from Appalachians and Sarong from North-West Frontier Province who is considered the queen of Pashas folk music. Biological The music of Balloonists province is very rich and full of varieties due to the many different types of languages which are spoken in the province, including Biological, Pashas, Brachia, Persian and Sari. Biological music stems basically from Persian Music due to the close proximity of Iran. Although Biological singers have still not made a mark on the Pakistani music scene, there are many Biological singers and these include;Fizz Mohammad Facial Bloch, winner of a world singing competition award. Punjabi Music from the Punjab province includes many different varieties. The traditional music utilizes instruments like the doll, flute, dollar, and thumb. The most commonly recognized form of Punjabi music, banger, is based on drum rhythms of the doll. Its modern popularity has led to the use of new instruments and electronic sound sampling. Banger is a Punjabi folk dance that has become popular all over Pakistan. Banger and Punjabi folk songs have been an integral part of the fertile provinces ultra history and many themes are related to harvest and cultivation. Others still draw on the poetic history of the province which transcend ethnic and religious boundaries. Potpourri Potpourri has a rich tradition of poetry recital accompanied by sitar, gharry, table, harmonium and dollar. These poems (potpourri sheer) are often highly lyrical and somewhat humorous and secular in nature, though religious sheer are also recited. The Late Lam Loran and Raff Loran are notable Punjabi singers of Pakistan. Shindig Music from Kinds province is sung in Kinds, and is generally performed in either the Baits or Wee styles. The Baits style is vocal music in Shannon (low voice) or Graham (high voice). Wee instrumental music is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Wee, also known as Kafka, is found in the surrounding areas of Balloonists, Punjab, and Restaurants. Common instruments used in Shindig regional music include the Yashmak, Near, and Niagara Kashmir The predominant language found in Pakistanis Northern Areas has an extensive oral history which dates back several thousand years. With the increase in tourism to Pakistanis Northern Areas and increased domestic as well as international awareness f the local folk music, the Shania folk traditions have managed to stay alive and vibrant. A triadic language with considerable Persian influence is found in Pakistanis Chital region in the North West of the country. Awkward folk music had considerable in this region has remained relatively pure and unscathed by modern influences due to the relative isolation of this district. The arrival of many refugees from the adjacent Neuritis province of Afghanistan and the subsequent increase in commercial activity in Chital bazaars allowed this local form of music to flourish in the past few cascades. Sari Sari language is spoken by 13. Million people in southern Punjab and northern Kinds. Data Allah Essay Shelve Khan is one of the most famous Sari singers in Pakistan, hailing from Minimal. Sari media has significantly developed and has brought more talent onto the national level, such as Kook TV and ROI TV. The Sari language is often considered the sweetest of all Pakistani languages, hence the popularity of Karakas music is nationwide. The great late Pathway Khan also did conside rable work in the field of Sari music. His songs such as Mere Shish VI Tu and Charka De are still loved by masses and equally appreciated by non-Sari speakers. Another star of this language is world renowned folk singer Resume. She has rendered some beautiful songs in Sari along with Urdu and Punjabi for which she gained fame across Pakistan and internationally. A new voice from Minimal is also attracting people All Miriam Awn. Awkward A triadic language with considerable Persian influence is found in Pakistanis Chital region in the North West of the country. Awkward folk music had considerable patronage particularly during the rule of the Matters in the last century. Folk music decades. Pashas Pashas music is commonly found in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Cyber Buckwheat and in Pakistanis major urban centers such as Karachi, Rawlins, Lahore, Shallot and Manual, genres include Tap, Character, Enemies, Lobo, Shaman and Badly. The Tap is believed to be one of the oldest forms of Pashas poetry; it comprises two unequal meters, with the second longer than the first. Character is the most popular form of poetry, and epic poem which focuses on heroic figures. The music is sung at a fast tempo by two or more singers. Nickname is composed by Pashas women, expressing a range of issues from daily life. Lobo is another form of Pashas folk song composed as a dramatic dialogue, often to tell romantic tales. Shaman is a celebratory song performed at occasions such as marriage and child birth. Although Badly is a type of Pashas folk music, it is normally sung by professional musicians. It is an epic poem set to composed music which is performed with instruments such harmonium, drums and table. The Aruba, a kind of lute is an essential part of Past folk music. This music is uncommon as the ruling AMA has restricted the use of music in the province. In recent years, the Pashas music industry as been given official patronage through television and increased support by Pakistani listeners who have begun to appreciate classic and traditional Pashas Persian is spoken mainly in the North West of Pakistan but there are also considerable Persian speaking inhabitants in Pakistanis major urban centers of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. During and after the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and subsequent arrival of millions of Afghan refugees to Pakistan, much of the Afghan (Dare/Persian) music industry was kept alive by performances and recordings made in Pakistan. After more than 20 years, Persian folk music has made inconsiderable and often subtle contributions the overall Pakistani music industry. Singers from Afghanistan regularly perform throughout Pakistan particularly at weddings and other formal functions. .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .postImageUrl , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:hover , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:visited , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:active { border:0!important; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:active , .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0 .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60f63b1c7b54530dbecfb30140dfcfe0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: India And Pakistan Conflict EssaySingers such as Mimed Hosannas, status unjust fate all khan Rata fate all khan Cabal Banjo, Afraid Khan and Abide Parvenu have sung shall in Persian such as those of Hazard Emir Sorrow, [Rehearsal[ Bertram. Hinder Music from Hazard Division is sung in Hinder, and is generally performed in either the Mahoney or sheer styles. Modern Pakistani music in the 21st century revalidated itself to become a popular sound wrought the region and world. Pakistan music today has a rich blend of classical and Pakistani folk music with western sounds leading the music industry to rebuild and re-establish itself. The industry began to pick up in late 2003, when media laws in Pakistan became more relaxed, and resulted in a mass explosion of private Pakistani television channels. Pop Pakistani pop music is attributed to have given birth to the genre in the South Asian region with Aimed Rushers song OK-OK-Koruna in 1966 Composed by Music Maestro Shall Ran and has since then been adopted in Bangladesh, India, and lately Nepal s a pioneering influence in their respective pop cultures. Veterans like Run Leila started the pop industry in Bangladesh while the 1 5-years old pop sensation Nazi Hosannas with her brother Cohabit Hosannas ushered the birth of pop music in South Asia tailing on the success of her British endeavourers. From Rushers pop hits to songs sung by the Hosannas siblings, to bands including Junco, Vital Signs, Hading Kayaking, and Strings, Bra-LU-Has to Shaded Roy the Pakistani pop industry has steadily spread throughout South Asia and today is the most popular genre n Pakistan. Dill Dill Pakistan sung by Vital Signs was voted the third most popular song in the world by a BBC poll. In 1998 Channel V declared the Best International Group Award to Junco among Aqua, Bygone, The Prodigy and Back Street Boys. Some overseas Pakistanis have also entered into Pakistani pop music scene from abroad, such as I-J based Adman Same Khan, and Netherlands based Miriam Khan. Rock Rock music has become very popular in Pakistan. A landmark event occurred in 2003 when the Pakistani group Strings song, Insane Chunky became a featured single on the Urdu Sound. Rock music has developed so much in Pakistan, that it already has two sub-genres. The Pakistani band Junco popularized a genre of music called Suffix rock (influenced from legend Unjust Fate All Khan) that blended traditional Pakistani folk and Suffix music with western rock. Also bands like Jail, Exchange Aziza Hyatt, Call, AMA] and Rosen has done great Job over the years. Jail and Call had a ARPANET made everyone felt their presence on both sides of borders as well. Also Raff Loran made a huge success with a rock folk album in 2006 called 21st century Jugging: this album was successful worldwide, and in India won 3 awards at the Alpha Punjabi Awards ceremony for best International Punjabi vocalist and best remixed and best folk rock album. The Pakistan rock industry has been getting large over the years, New bands are coming in and bringing their own style on the mainstream. Earths smash hits Bulla Do and Temporary Lily have positioned Earth as one of the best new rock bands in Pakistan and India. Launch across India by the worlds largest music label. The next big thing from Pakistan after Junco, Strings and Jail The Pakistani rock industry can be sub-divided in various genres of rock such as progressive rock, metal, hard rock etc. More recently bands such as Black Warrant, Attack, Odyssey and Dementia have brought on a metal revolution in Punjab, specially Lahore, greatly spreading heavy metal music in the region. It has spread outside of Pakistan through the Diaspora too: most notably, Brio-Asian 21 Perspectives song entitled Rail was an excellent fusion of British and sub- Continental styles. Hip hop Pakistani hip hop is a blend of traditional Pakistani musical elements with modern hip hop music and is achieved by using various Pakistani languages as well as incorporating traditional percussion like the table and doll and other instrumentation like the sitar. Pakistani hip hop is perceived differently by the major branches of the Pakistani Diaspora, where Pakistani Americans often adopt hip hop at an early age and make it an important aspect of their American identity. Conversely, Pakistani Britons were first exposed to hip hop as an American export. Overseas Pakistanis have aided in the popularity and promotion of hip hop in Pakistan. In recent years, local Pakistani hip hop artists have begun to emerge in underground scenes in large cities such as Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore. The hayrick expression of cultural identity and addressing Pakistanis political and social problems is vital in making hip hop a popular growing genre. It is mainly performed in English, Urdu, and Punjabi. Film Pakistanis film industry known as Ellwood is based in Lahore. One of the most famous singers of the Pakistan film industry is Nor Jean (Amelia-e-Truman). Nor Jean had a brief and successful acting career before devoting herself completely to music. She sang extensively for Pakistani films and also sang Shall, folk songs and patriotic songs (mill anagram) for Pakistan television. The most famous male singer of Pakistan film industry is Aimed Rushed (Melody Prince) who is also known as Magician of voice. Rushed is one of the most versatile singers of south Asia and his songs had a great impact on Indian and Bangladesh music industry. He ruled film industry for thirty years. Aimed Rushed undisputed remains the only playback singer of Pakistan who was master of all moods and expressions. Until the sass Pakistani film music enjoyed a robust period of creative activity with a great number of songs acquiring popularity across the sub-continent. The major music directors of his period (with the noted exception of Awake Kurdish Inward) were mostly Chitin, Rehashed Tatter, Minas Abaci, Shall Ran, Status Dastards, Mamas Bobby, M Ashram, Master Abdullah, Freer Minimize, Outfall Farrago, Robin Gosh and Status Nazi. During the early sass Urdu film and music quality declined as the result of various factors. The dominance of trend-setting music directors who had experience of seasoned pre-partition artists declined and they were replaced by a new and younger generation who tapped the Punjabi film market. References www. Wisped. Org www. Google. Com www. Ask. Com www. Honeymooners. Com www. Backlogged. Com